1617), which is known colloquially as The Book of Swindles or The Classic of Swindles. Examples include the Classic of Whoring ( Piaojing 嫖經) and Zhang Yingyu's A New Book for Foiling Swindles ( Dupian Xinshu 杜騙新書, ca. However, from the Eastern Han the default order instead became Changes-Documents-Poems-Rituals-Spring and Autumn.Īuthors and editors of later eras have also appropriated the terms "Book" and "Classic" and applied them ironically to compendia focused on patently low-brow subject matter.
Up to the Western Han, authors would typically list the Classics in the order Poems-Documents-Rituals-Changes-Spring and Autumn. The Classic of Music is sometimes considered the sixth classic but was lost. Spring and Autumn Annals A historical record of the State of Lu, Confucius's native state, 722–481 BC attributed to have been written by Confucius. In Western cultures and modern East Asia, it is still widely used for this purpose. I Ching ( Book of Changes) The book contains a divination system comparable to Western geomancy or the West African Ifá system. The version studied today is a re-worked version compiled by scholars in the third century BC rather than the original text, which is said to have been edited by Confucius himself. Book of Rites Describes ancient rites, social forms and court ceremonies. It includes examples of early Chinese prose. It is possibly the oldest Chinese narrative, and may date from the 6th century BC. Book of Documents A collection of documents and speeches alleged to have been written by rulers and officials of the early Zhou period and before. List Classic of Poetry A collection of 305 poems divided into 160 folk songs, 105 festal songs sung at court ceremonies, and 40 hymns and eulogies sung at sacrifices to heroes and ancestral spirits of the royal house. It was during this period that the texts first began to be considered together as a set collection, and to be called collectively the "Five Classics". During the Western Han dynasty, which adopted Confucianism as its official ideology, these texts became part of the state-sponsored curriculum. Mencius, the leading Confucian scholar of the time, regarded the Spring and Autumn Annals as being equally important as the semi-legendary chronicles of earlier periods. Several of the texts were already prominent by the Warring States period. Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods) Chinese books that form part of the traditional Confucian canon. The Five Classics ( 五經 Wǔjīng) are five pre-Qin (i.e. In contrast to the sayings of Confucius, which are short and self-contained, the Mencius consists of long dialogues with extensive prose. Mencius A collection of conversations of the scholar Mencius with kings of his time. The Imperial examinations, started in the Sui dynasty and eventually abolished with the founding of the Republic of China, emphasized Confucian studies and expected candidates to quote and apply the words of Confucius in their essays. Since Confucius's time, the Analects has heavily influenced the philosophy and moral values of China and later other East Asian countries as well.
Analects A compilation of speeches by Confucius and his disciples, as well as the discussions they held. It focuses on the Way (道) that is prescribed by a heavenly mandate not only to the ruler but to everyone. The purpose of this small, 33-chapter book is to demonstrate the usefulness of a golden way to gain perfect virtue. Doctrine of the Mean Another chapter in Book of Rites, attributed to Confucius' grandson Zisi. It is significant because it expresses many themes of Chinese philosophy and political thinking, and has therefore been extremely influential both in classical and modern Chinese thought. Its importance is illustrated by Zengzi's foreword that this is the gateway of learning. It consists of a short main text attributed to Confucius and nine commentary chapters by Zengzi, one of the disciples of Confucius. List Great Learning Originally one chapter in the Book of Rites. They were selected by intellectual Zhu Xi in the Song dynasty to serve as general introduction to Confucian thought, and they were, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, made the core of the official curriculum for the civil service examinations. The Four Books ( 四書 Sìshū) are Chinese classic texts illustrating the core value and belief systems in Confucianism. The Four Books and the Five Classics are the most important classics of Chinese Confucianism. The Four Books and Five Classics ( Chinese: 四書五經 pinyin: Sìshū Wǔjīng) are the authoritative books of Confucianism, written in China before 300 BCE.
Books of Confucianism Four Books and Five Classics
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